Meter



BEST AVAILABLE COP Oct. 9 1923. Re. l?

R. F. scHUcl-:ARDT

METER Original Filed Nov. 29, 1918 '7 Sh'ae;S-Sheefc l nxenor; Rudolph Fradrfjmck V25/f? bg f 1 yBEST AVAILABLE COP.

R. F. SCHUQHAHDT R www oef. 9', 1923.

METER Original Filed NovI 29,

esT AVNLA'BLE coP.

im. 9, :1923Y I Re.' 15,697

. R. 'F. SCHUCHARDT I' METER original File@ Nov. 29, 1918 "f Sheets-sheet s Fifi., 5a.

'bg M .5%Lzj His ,ffkfzorneg BEST AVAILABLE coP R. EQHUCHARDT 9.9 1918 7 Sheets-Sheet '4 Original Filed Nov wmf a, H m E Sww u WW.

BEST AvAxLABLE-.ACOP

oct, 9, 1923.

R. F. scHUcHAvRD-r METER 0ri'ena1 Filed Nov. 29, 1918 .7 sheets-sheet 5 wie).

.Z ..3 J4 M. F6 v7 B 3 76.545,25/ a' a 4 s 6 e '6 6 Sine or Figo.

watt/ess component eas s s a 4 6 I kIm/en'tor: v 00 2 a 4 5 a 7 a .9 /0 /z Rudolph Frederick schuchardt f Wfl/A BEST AVAILABLE COF" METER Y riginal Filed N0v. 29 1918 '7 sheets-sheet e IT Ullll IIII lill] fmmmi. L 40 52 i \3, i

Rudolph Frederick schud-1mdk,

Hisl lborvneg.

BEST/AVAILABLE CoP Oct. 9, 1923.

- n Re. 15,6197 `R. F. SCHUCHARDT METER Original Filed Nov. 29. 191e 7 sheets-sheet v ITA/enfer: l Rudolph Frederick Schuchardt :ill

. able with the effect of inertia.

Ressuerl lOct.- 9, 1923.

,Y BEST AVAILABLE cop` Y f UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

RUDOLPH F. SCHUCHARDT, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOB TO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORFORATION NEW YORK.

METER.

Original No. 1,366,960, dated February 1, 1921, Serial No'. 264.533, led November 29, 1918. Application for reissue med may a. 1923. serial No. 636,451.

To all 1i/wm it ma 1/ (fm/cern lie. it known that l,'ll| o1.rli lfm-:minuta Soul'oimnn'r. a citizen ot the United States,

rcsidin" at Chicago, in the county oi' Cook.

and State ot Illinois, have. invented a certain new and useful improvement in Meters, of which the following is a full, clear, concise, and exact description, reference being had to the accoinpanying drawings, termini;Y a iart of this specification.

ly invention relates to meters. and particularly to means for indicatingr and recording the power lfacto-r of a customers load, and for indicating and recording other characteristics ot the same.

The character of the load, particularly with respect to power factor. connected to the generating system is of importance in fixing rates charged for power and in determining the design ofthe circuits.

Electric current has, amon;r other propertics, two important manifestations which are most commonly putto use for industrial purposes. namely, the development ot' heat and the development 'of magnetic effect.

For power purposesl and for transformation ot' current the magnetic etiect is more important and for lighting. welding and the like the heat eti'ect is more miportant. Neither can be developed purcl \"without some manifestation ot' the other, but it iseasily possible to develop either one with a substantial absence ot' the other.

It is well known to those skilled in the art that the creation or increase 'ota magrnetic flow 'or field is attended with a certain dela)T which is comparable with an eti'ect of inertia. 'and similarly the destruction nor diminution of the magnetic tiow or field is attended with a (ertain delayy also compar- Hence in the, casejof the employment otthe magnetic. effect-Soi alternating current for transformaA tioni or power purposesA there is a tendenc)Y for the electrical energy to be less effective due tothisl lag of thel desired magnetic effect behind the torce or pressure tending to create it. n

l ()ne complete c rcle of au alternating eurrent -wat'e is considered the sameas a couiplete Inechanicalrevolution ot lieti@ and a half cyclethersame as 130 ol' movement. The amount of la, r of one quantity namely current behind, the other namely electro- -unity power factor.

motive torce, is stated in terms of degrees. Where this wave shape has the form of simple harmonic motion known as the sine wave, then mathematically the cosine of the angle by which thefeurrent lags behindtl electromotive force, measured-as above described in degrees is a. measure of the actual reduction in positive power factor duel t0 the .fact that the current lags behind theelectlnmotive force. Technically the cosine of this angle is termed tle power factor. -Itwill be secu that power factor is a measure Of the effectiveness ot' the actual electrical enrgy applied. i i 'lhe'power factor of a pieceof transform,- ing or power developing r apparatus islfa'rg'ely cf)n`l"'rolled by the nature of the and the character of the use of said apparatus. The effectiveness of the apparatus atlthe central station for generating and transmit-ting power is decreased by a load 'apparatus op-` erating at a power factor less than unity. Consequently it is apparent that 'a consumer using a certainy amount of power at a power factor less than unity actuallyein` vploys a. greater portion of the generating and transmitting' apparatus than does a consumer using the same amount, o ffport'ler at;

The customeror consumer should therefore be charged .for the power used upon a basis which vtakes' account the power factor Othis-load.v

There is a strong demand in the art for some means which will enable rthe central station and the consumer to know Yat lall times-the power factor o'f'the yload andlto keep arec'ord such as `can becousulted `for designingr circuits` lixying'out new instal-l tions. applying corrective means ,iandffor general information. In some classes 'of work such as vsteel furnace operation. it is desirable to maintain ua certain' yvalue kof power factor to secure properamleilicient operation. Fory such work' a devieefof the present character is necessaire in order to maintain the desired power'factor yand for vso observing: and recording the working of the apparatus. "here s nehronqiis apparatus employed for power development-.jtrslformationv or 'for powerl factor correction there has long r been a demand for n device ot this character for indicatingr and infr the'operntion of the apparatus.

Heretoforev it has 'been customary -in zthe TEST AvAiLABLE coP e inaketests' at relatively lon; intervals to detern'iine the powert fat-- tor of the consnnici"s load and to malte rates upon that basis. Thishas not heen .satisfact-:nfv lit-canse it is not a true measure ol the actual power factor nor is it a reliable approxiniation.

Pinch measurement. further iails to give, the value ot' the power t'actor at, peak loads, and this: it is very desirable to know.

Arrording to in v invention I provide amonp'other things means l'or automatically indicating and recording at short intervalsA the approximate pom-r factor over that period, l also provide in eonjnnction with the above` means tor indicating' and recording the total power component and the total al ove vconnection to 4reactive component ot'fthe load over theA same period. t

The theory ot' my invention and the relation it bears to the electrical quantities 1nfvolved may he demonstrated mathematiu instant.

cally as follows:

The `instantaneous value ot power factor is the cosine ot'- the angle of lagr of the eurrent behind the electro-motive force at that `()r it may be otherwise stated the cosine of that angle whose tangent is the ratioiot lthe instantaneous value of the reactive component to the instantaneous Vahle ot'. the energy component.

The powerfactor and the total amount ot' power idrawn, are independent variables as can be seen at once yfrom the equation eX- pressing power:

PowerzEI cos 9S.

I have observed that it would be possible to Idetermine the instantaneous values 'of power factors which mightv he represented by the vfollowing expression: d eos 4:

di tryaseertaining theinstantaneons value of the'powere'eomponent, which maybe represented bythe following expression:

Een) (d Cos o d:

andthe instantaneous value of the reactive component. which mayl be represented by the following expression:

ltli) td Siae). di inaslnuehas thev ratio of the reactive.

Average I. F.`= eos q .ponent tto-the power component represents the tangent-of the angle'oi' lag whose cosine is the power factor.

This may be expressed in the following equation:

lXrlt) (tl sin gb) (1l d um (b- Edli) (d eos 4i) lt is wel] known that for everuvivalne otl the tangent ol' the angle ot vlapr there is a vtilted cori-esliondin;r value o1' the cosine which may be mathematirallv exj'iressed by the tollowing equation:

1 Job @if `w/l Jr tan2 d:

Whereas the provision ot' n1 `ans t'or automatically indicating: the cosine of the angle of lag by means which are responsive `respectlvely4 to the vreactive and the power components of the load constitute the basis of my invention. I have observed that' it woul be undesirable to record' a succession of such instantaneous values and l have therefore provided means for recording the average power factor overl a given period ot' time by adding np or integrating the instantaneous values of the reactive component over the rive period and adding np or inteq grating the instantaneous values ol'v the power .con'iponent of the load over the same period, and automatically indicating and re-v Cording these (uantities and thev cosine of the angle of which their aforesaid ratio is the tangent.

Considering a *period of time running from t to t1 the total reactive component over that period may be represented by the expression:

"non (d sin .n di

il@ (gli) (rl cos du) i (ll Hence the average power factor over the same given period mayhhe represented `bv the expression:

Sti

- .ducing egg; AVAILABLE COP' .sion on a strip of paper and they may be f..`-further integrated, if desired, to arrive at an average ower factor for any greater de- :aired peri I ma construct the apparatus to be purely indicating in character and I- may then omit the recording feature. In either case I provide two electrical integrating devices responsive to the power component and to the reactive component, respectively, and a third element, the position or condition of which is controlled by the two aforesaid devices. v

While the invention may be practised in many dili'erent forms of apparatus,`I shall describe the preferred form land shall point out. in the following specification and particularly in the appended'claims, the es sentialfeaturcs of m invention.

Preferably I emp oy, in connection with two wattmetcrs of the integratingtype as the responsive elements, a cylinder having means on its face for indicating the pow'er factor in accordance with the axial and rotary position` of said cylinder. I cause the cy ider to be movediaxially to represent the response ofthe one wattmeter element to the reactive component and to be moved 'rotarily to represent the response of the other wattmeter element to the power component. The cylinder may obviously be moved inthe opposite relation by the respective wa-ttmeter elements. The surface of the cylinder is divided on rectangular-roordinates to provide small rectangular faces or fields upon which areinscribed, or otherwise indicated, the corresponding values of power factor as by suitable numerals or other indicating or recording means. The cylinder may alsohave indicatingor recording means for indicating ,y or-recording the value of the power component over said period andof the' reactive component over the given period.

Instead of a cylinder,y aaplanc surfacer or any other surface which'may be desired may -be provided, and either the surface-itself may be moved or two indicating members operating preferably in different directions to each other and having-Yan intersection which constitutes a reference point may be moved acrossr the field to rindicate said val- I ues. If desired the reference point may be moved in one direction and the chart in another directlon. In anyv event the chart- 1s graduated in twodimensions and relatlve ,motion of the chart and'tl'ievreference point nny be secured 1n any preferred manner.

the. accompanying drawings `in which I have killustrated diagrammatically the -preferred embodiment of my invention,

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic layout of a system" embodying my invention for indicating power factor over a given period;

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view taken on the .line 2-2 of Fig. l;

v Fig. B-is a similar View taken on thc line 3 3 of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a similar view taken on thc line 4--4`0f Fig. 1;

Fig. 5^ and Fig. 5" shown as two parts of a system consist of a diagrammatic layout of my invention as applied to a threephase line and providing` means for recording both the reactive component, the power factor and the power component.

Fig 6 indicates diagrammatically lanother formof connection for a 3phase line;

Fig. 7 vis a developed view of the printing cylinder shown in Fig. 1; .j

n Fig. 8 is a developed view of the printing cylinder shown in Figo", and n `ig. 8A is a developed View of the printing cylinder shown in Fig. 12;

Figs. 9, 1t) and l1 are explanatory diagrams;

Fig. l2 is a diagram of a modification showing means for recording the total power component over a protracted period of time;

Fig. 13is a fragmentary view of the rcoord made where total power and power fartor only are recorded';

Fig. 14 is a similar fragmentary view showing the record made when power tactor, reactive component and power component. and total kilowattsare recorded.

Fig. 14A shows the record made by the device of Fig. 12;

Fig. 14 shows a modification in the form of the strip; y

Fig. 15 is a chart or diagram explanatory of the method of arriving at thc values ,of

Apower factor to he placed in the individual -squarcs las indicated in Fig. 7.

Considering first Figs. 9 to 1Q inclusive. `shall explain hrietly the theoretical nature of the printing chart.

In alternating current'y thc relation hctween thc electro-motive torce andthe tlow of rurrcnt. broadly may be represented by.

the curves shown i n Fig. 9. The curve l which represents thc electro-motivo i'orcc` is shown in this case as lcadingthc curve Q. which represents current, by the angle cp which in this case is shown as apl'iroximately degrees. passed over represents time elapsed.

This relation may be indicated in VectorsV or polar coordinates as is shown in Fig. 1t), the line OE represents electro-motive force andthe line OIre )resents vcurrent how.. It

willv vbe seen that t e vector OI- lags behind' In ha1'monic-1notion the angle #er AvAiLABLE coe` cp. Taking the. visualizing the outlined, We (.)I which rep* resents current, is made up of the two coin- As it is desired to so thatv the angle e may be lute y some manner to provide a common means o n this 'chart at tl ponents OX and Xl; the component OX represents the in-phase or power compone-nt, while the vector XI represents the reactive or Wattless component ol current. obtain an expression which represents the cosine of the angle /1, means must be provided for evaluating the vectors 0X and Xl. -This can be done by.

as l shall describe later properly determined and an indication or a record made thereof. ln view of the 'fact that the angle de lends upon the ratio only of the vectors O and I and is independent of the absovalue ot' the vectors, it is necessary in means of wattrncters which will indicate this ratio.

Consider the chart as shown in Fig. 11 a'lnd assume that. the vectnryOE be laid out le angie o' with the base line 01'. rt will now be seen that any particular point on the line OIC, such t'or instance as the point 3, falls within one ot' the small squares into which the chart is l divided. To give the value of the cosine of the angle determined by the line OE with `the base 0I it is necessary only to place within the square, such as the square 4 within which the point 3 falls, the nurrierical `value ot' the angle o1' ot any of the functions pertaining to it, such. for instance las the cosine o'l said angle, the power component and the reactive component, or any other information. Thile such markingr of the individual that vtheoretically if small enough, .curary may be obtained. Y Y. i

The charts of Figs. 7 and Sere constructed on this theory and theopeiiation the squares are -made ol the same will be Iliade cllarfrom d consideratlon ol the diagram ol lg. 'l 'or ot' Fic'. 5". l

ln Fig'. l I` have indicati-d transmission line 5 conncctild 6-7 with the customer's loald consist ol any desired power? pai'atus.

ln order to dctein'iine the `#power factor ot' the load H l have provided the two wattmeter elements l() and ll suitably connected to the wires (3 and to give indications of the power component and of the reactive component respectively. The wattnieter elements 1.0 and 11 Aare ot thd integrating or watt hour meter type. having the rotatingr elements l2 and lil shown fin-dotted lines. Th in series a siuniti-phase b v the wires S. which may consuming ap e coils 14 and 15,:1re connected squaresl is only approximate, it can be seen.

.the contact 2l :inv desired? degree of' .ac-

32. through the contact 22. wire vwith the supply inainsand the pressure. coils` 17 and 18 are suitably connected across the: element .ll being provided with the indmftaiwe El) tir mains l5 and T, the watti'neter provide a component .operating at. substaw tially 90 deg. to the electro-motive force iu the coil' 17 ot' the meter l0. I shall not describe the detailsot the wattmetcrs as the construction thereof is not lmy intention.

The rotatable elements l2 and. 12S are provided with normally open contacts. 21.- and at the completion of, a'

rotatable Y 22 which are closed revolution ol. the' correspon(ling l` members or any part of a revolution thereof.

I provide an element, in this case the cyl-l index' 23 having motion in two directioiisf Til namely in an axial or longitudinal direction l and rotational respectivclyftlicsc two mo,

tions being,r controlled by the `wattineter elcinents l0 and ll respectively. The axial niof tion represents the components lying along the line OX in Fig. 1f), land the rotational motion is represented by the components l ringr on the line X1 in the same ligure4 lhe cylinder is mounted upon the 4sha l't 25 and the rotating ratchet'', by. means of which this cylinder may be niover axially andy rotatively respectively. The .liftingratchet 25 is provided with a holding' pawl 2T and the rotary ratchet. 26 is pl'oiidcd with a similar-holding` pawl 28. l

paivl member 29 ojierated by the solenoid Itl is controlled to raise the cylinder 2:3 in step by step motion. The circuit for the solenoid -lll formed as follows: vtroni the battery or source of current; 3l through the wire 32 the contact 2l, Wire 33, through the windingr of the Solenoid 30 and vthen bach to ibattcry over the Wire 34C. Thus foreach closingl of at the power will be advanced operatingr solenoid contact 22 over the tolliivving From' the battery ill over the wire 3T through solenoid 35 and bachVv to wire 3S.

the cylinder 23 one step. An trolled by the circuit.

the winiliincr ot' the battery 31 over thcI lt is thus inder fill is advanced one steprotativel)v for each closing' of the Contact 22 b v thc reactive wattmeter ll. 'y y VThe holding pa wls 2T andV 2R respectivcl)Y are controlled lrv the solenoidsiflt) and lll respectively and these 'holding pawls'aw withdrawn periodically toreset: the printing' cylinder E23 'fori-ith@ beginningrr ol the next period. i that l provide a spring -tl ot' thi` spiral type at' the lower end of the .shattvil through the medium ot a sleeve -l ".vhirh is keyed to the shaft Q4, but which permits axial movement ol" lthe shaft with respect to said sleeve.

is provided 4with the lifting` ratchet.

apparent lthat' the. printing cylln this con'ncctir'in it is'to be notedl An actuatingl by the wattmeter elenirnill).

ree

BEST AvAiLABLE COP'- Thus when the solenoids 39 and 40 are en- A ergized to withdraw the holding pawls 27 and 28 respectively, the spring 41 moves the drum 23 back to its zero position with respect to motion ofl rotation and the weight ofthe drum and connected parts lowers the drum axially to its zero position with respect to axial motion.

The solenoids 39 and 40, which control the resetting are in 'turn controlled by a suitable time controlled contact shown in this case as mounted on the disk 43. The disk 43, as well as the disk 44. is suitably Adriven-ata predetermined rate' by time controlled'mechanism, in this case illustrated by the clock 45. 4Thus whenever the contact between-the brushes 46 and 47 is closed the printingcylinder 23 is reset.

I have provided meansfor periodically recording. the position of the cylinder' which determined' its reading as by means of the 'lofv paper 48, and this strip is fed4 tllilesupply roll-er 49 to the take-up roller@ y'The feeding of thisrecord strip isjcon'trolledby a solenoid 51 and suitable pwl and"ratchet mechanism 52 to advance the fstips.'immediately after lthe printing magnet tifhasv been energized. The?"pr`int-ing magnet 53 and the paper rfeeding"ifriugnet"1"tare'in series and are con `trolled,"by 'the 1 contact brush 54 and the contact makingdiskf44 so that. periodicirlly tbe-printing magnet .53 is energized t milkc -n `recoji'ftl of the reading of cylinder 'iridfftheifeeding magnet 51 is energized 'tofadvance the paper after the printing operution.-` lnthe drawings, the feeding mech- Asniam?.controlled, by the magnet l is represen'tefdin vthe,deenergized position of magnet 51. ",Ifhavc., shown-.the contact disk 44 as rovidedwith 'numerous contacts for makiug frwpu-Ant-frecords of thc reading of the cylinder-23. but it-'s vto be understood 'thatlk onlyo'ne printing -opcration may be perforiuefl'g'tm each period and that preferalilyxattheend of the period just before the cylinder is reset. r

'l'heiirinti'rg magnet 53 isprovided with 'Jn iirintingyplat'en virwhich is of substantiallythe'safmesizens the `uures4or rectangles 'provided'on the cylin er 23 so that only 'tlufgure directly underthe platen 55 will he printed upon the record strip 48.

ii referencefpoint for the cylinder 23. Fig.

"7 showsh"development of the surface of the cylinder 23. This is an exemplication 'only4 and is not the only manner in which the cylinder may be graduated. I

haveshowri tensteps in each direction, but it to be understood that the number of steps may be varied and preferably should be greatlyincreased.A

Instead o f employing two releasing magnets, 39A..and"40, a singlernagnet` may serve -of the phases of the load.

'to he understood that a mov-ing surface of any other character might be employed so'.

long as this surface hasta motion inr two directions with respect to the reference pointl and 1s suitably graduatedor inscribed to `-give the proper values.

In Fig. 5^ l have shown the manner of connecting the device of Iny invention to a i' 3-phase load circuit. ln this case the 3-phasc load 60 is connected to the mains 61 through the leads 62. The power wattmeter element 10 is provided with two currentwindings 63 and 64 respectively and two potential windings 65 and 66 respectively. These windings are connected in any Well known manner to the leads 62 as by means of two current transformers 67 and 68 disposed in series relation to the two phases of the load 60 and the potential transformers 69 and 70 respectively connectedacross two The reactive meter 11 is provided with thc two current coils 71 and 72 and with the Atwo pressure coils 73 and 74 respectively. The current coils 71 and 72 are connected in series with the secondaries of the current transformers 67 and 68. The pressure coils are connected so as to receive only a component at right angles to flow of current. i

The cylinder 23 .hown in Fig. 5B is provided with indicating characters suchas Fig. 8. It is apparent that a greater number of steps may be advantageously eniployed although the number of steps is not of the essence of the invention. Theplatien 75, which strikes the recording strip 4B against the type of the cylinder 23 is made of the proper size to embrace thet-hree'small corresponding squares. Thus there arerecorded side by side on therecording'strip 48 the power component., the reactive .component and the' power factor over a vgiven period. Otherwise the operation of the system shown in Figs. 5^ und 5l 'is the same as that shown in Fig. 1.

lll

Ifthe steps in either a rotary or a vertical direction should be too great the last step may be provided with markings for indicating that the reading has gone beyond the dimensions of the chart. i In Fig. 6 I'ha-vc'illustrated the manner in which the pressure coils of the wnttmeter.

elements may be connected to the mains to secure correct readings. The pressure coils l ofthe power wattmeter element 10 are con-- nected across two phases of the line, but the pressure coils of the reactive wattmeter 1 1 (lll BEST mint/inte ooP are connected to thev transformer 77.

The particular manner of makingr the connections is not of importance and may be varied. Instead of connecting to the windings of the service transformers as indicated at 7i', Fig. 6, an artificial load may be provided through. which connection may he made.

In Fig. 12 I have indicated diagrammatically a modification of the form of device Shown in Figs. 5^ and 5, in which totaliz` ing counters for total power conn'ronent. and total reactive component are provided.

coils of the power I have added Athe numeral wheels RU and 130, upon which I inscribed characters suitable for printing, readingr iu terms ot' total power component or actual. kilowatts, and in total reactive eon'iponent respectively. The numeral wheels 8f) are operated h v the. electromagnct 82 in series with the vertical stepping magnet El() so that for every operation of the vertical stepping magnet. 3H an other unit is added to the indication on the totaiizcr wheels tinuously the increase in actual power consumed. In the same wav the totalizer magnet 132 is in series with the rotary steppingy magnet 35 and serves to accumulate or totalize the amount of reactive component over any ILfiven period. i i Lhave also provided the printing magnets 3 and 131 which are connected in series with the printingmagnet 53 and the paper advancing magnet 5l. (lthcrwiSe the-operation of this mechanism is substantially the.

Same as that Shown in Figs. 5^ and 5*. lt 'is assumed. of course. that the connection Shown in Fig. 12 for the wattmeter elen'ientsY l2 and Ll are provided so that the rotatable elements l2 and lil are responsive to power components and reactive emnponents respec tivi-lig Upon the f-mnpletion of n resolution ofthe Wattmeter element 12 the .foninet 21 will be closed for an instant and the vertical stepping;r magnet 30 and the. eyelon eter magnet R2 will lie-energized simili tanoously, thex'ehy actuating the indicati: g cylinder axially and stepping' forward the unii eyclomcter wheel 80 h v oneunit. ln the same manner all the closures of the com tacto 22 of the reactive meter will he total* ized on the accumulato:- '130 The record Strip in shown in detail in Figs. I4. 14'* and 14. lt is .ftpparentlhat any one or mom` of the quantities ma) he omitted if desired and a record of the other?. made. At 'the end of n given period as ron trolled h v t"rz^ time controlled rncchaniam and contact mechanism rgoverned therein'. the circuit for the paper filV and for the printing magnets'. 53. 8f? and ll Will he energized-ao that. a record is m of thereaci'ive `eoinpfment over a nien period. `the power component over flai'i Si). therehy registering Voir io the form Qhown in Fig. l and in a d vaneingz magnet..

period. the power factor over the period and the total .reactive component and the total kilowatte consumed to the end of that, period. Thereafter the paper strip is' advanced by the pitch distance illustrated bef tween the dotted lines a and b in Figs. and 14A. y

This record is highly valuable as indicaty ingr not only the character of the load bui." the totai load in kilowatts and'the'total reactive component over a' given period. 'From the record strip thus madeit is possible not only to read the power factor over any short. periodnf time hut also over any longer de`-' laired period of time. The total reactive l,.- eomponent or part of the same over any par' tieular period has a definite relation to the total power component or the part of the 1 same extending over the given period. The elvelouieter wheels Si) and 130 may be Iliade' so as to neszct h v any well known means. as is wel? nndersstoodhy those skilled in the art.

The record v@trip Amade hy each of the forms: heretofore described. also has vaine im in that il. indicates the maximum dem i and the nature of` that mainlun deman over any given period. ln the record sho in Figs. il. lli* and 14 there given a 'dvrect indication oi' the amount oi pmvcrieoii; Snmed over a given period. ily inspecting the 'record Strip it will he posinihle to Select. the largest value' or' power vcomponent and this represents the maximum demand.` It if: also poas-ihle to scaled. the largest value of reactive eomponent and to .compare its relation to the power component or to lhepower factor in flu-terminingv the character of theu load. Thus it ia possihie not onlj,7 toiieient i (he largest value of power component o. l a unit period 'io rein-e ntf maximum' da mand. hut also to drier-mine ihc 'power fac tor .duringl` .Qur-ii maximum demand.

l have shown the reeord strip in FL.. lei. 1 Hf* arid 24 aS hearing indications 135 to irdiente the beginning `or end of a period. This may he done by the platen of the print ing mag-nei or 130, Other useful indi? r'ations Snel) as a indication of. time ma, he unidi-x on record strip if desired.

The printim attachment for printing the total value of power consumed ilnay be'added that cime a record auch an is Shown in 13 Wi!"l he provided. From this record it, will'he' sible to find the maximum demandi'wer y given periodlw a Simple process of'anhtraction. Time the larffeat difference r Henk maximum demand.

'The Vahlen' of power factor which apnea within 'the :ffinares of the charia. Figc and 9.. may ne nmhematieailv determined infiiieoled in. l'hzw, l5", y!."on.f-"ider i'h'e'- po of; th(A maare ne iwi thin .Qn-ifi segnare, This peren*` `X axes in values of power component and alongy their Y axis in values of reactive com'-v ponent'.

- The valucs'may be otherwise determined.

by measuring the size of the Vangle and obtaining the value of the cosine of that angle 'from tables of trigonometric functions.

I have illustrated heretofore only rectaugular coordinates, butit'is to be understood that polar coordinates or a combina- -tion of both may he used.

Vvhere an unbalanced three-phase system is connected the power factor indication will he an average of the three phases.

do not intend to limit the-invention to any particular form yot appar'z'ttnsoth as the same is specified claims.

,For the purposes oflip immaterial vwhether the-'i' l moved or whether the reference point be moved with respect to the surface. Such embodiment ofthe invention is nhviously intended to come within the scope of the appended claims. Tt is also apparent that va partial movement of the surface and apartialmovemont of the. reference points may accomplish the same end: namely` thatl of bringing the proper indication or recording character into linewith the reference points so that an exact reading and recording may he made.

T am aware that niv invention includes u. number ot individually'novel tentures in devices` ot this character which are Aust-Ful whether the device which l have disclosed bo used in its entirety or not. and l have therefore laid claim 'to theI same as appears `in the appended claims.

lclaim: l

l. The method of continuously indicating average power factor over-ay predetermined period of time. or. anyA portion thereof. lof the electrical power-flowing in a conductor' bv means of a surface dividedwith respect to a xero point into. unit arcas b v coordinates and provided with graduations on said unit areas in `terms o't iniwer` factor, the -value of- .the graduation in each area being theicosine of the angle whose-tangent is the ratio between the ordinate ofsaidarca and.

the coordinate of the same area,v which comactive'component of the power owing in saidI line in said period or any portion thereof into other predeterminedjmits ,preferably of equal `value. with the units of power component, laying out said unitsof ieactive component as the are completed lineally along an ordinate o measurement of said surface. laying out said units of power component. as they are completed lineally along a coordinate of measurement of said surface, and `determining at any time the value of power factor from the graduation of the unit area which is defined in terms ofita ordinate by the .value of theiintegrated or accumulated units of lreactive component and .in-terms ofits coordinate bv the value of the integrated or laccumulat 'nits of power component.

2. ln Icombination. `an yelement having-a surface with indications thereon corresponding to various powerv factorspmehans responsive to the power component ofelectrical energy, flowing in a llineavnd y means respon- .sive to* the reactive componentllowing in said line. both Aof said Ameans cooperating with the element to more said surface to cause an indication to be given of the power t'actor otk the. electrica-l power flowing throufrh said line.

3. fn combination. means adapted to be 'responsive to reactive components 0f power iowing in a line. means iesponsivc to the power components flowing in said line, l third means comprising an indicating snrt'acc graduated in accordance with the anglo ot lag` the tangent of which is defined by the ratio of the reactive component-to tho power component, which surface is infillcnccd by said first two means, to give an indication of power factor. f

4. ln combination, means adapted to be responsirefto reactive component of power fiowing in a line, means responsive tothe power component. flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicating Suf'- `tace influenced by said first twomeans to give an indication of power factor and means for periodicallyrecording the rending of said indicating surface.

5. ln combination a line, an element haying an indicating surface bearing kindications conesponding to cosine/ s of various angles. a first electrical means'` responsive tro the integrated reactive-component in slid line, a second electrical means responsive t0 thc integrated power componentvinjsaiti.-`

line.v meansA v`for selecting a part indication on said surface, saidnelillnililil' being: adapted to be broughtiintoymgister with said latter means by und jointaction of the angle whose tangent is the ratio of the integrated reactive component to the. integrated power component.

of the.v first end of the second 'o electrical means to` select thereby the coslne l indicating selecting BEST AVAILABLE COF.

(i.v ln combination a line an element havingI an indicating' surface bearing indications corresponding to cosines of various nonies, tirst electrical. means responsive to thereactive component in said line, a second electrical means responsive to the powerY component in said line, means 4ior surface. said element. being adapted to be brought into registry with said latter means by `joint action of the first and of the second el jvgtricl means to select thereby the cosine tft 'the single whose tangent is the ratio of the react Ye component to the power component. and means for periodically making a recordol the indication selected on said surface. Tfln combination a line, an element having aslirface provided with indications oorrespondingto power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction only, means'subject to the power component in said 'l'in`e for. moving: said surface in another 'direction only tobring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position.

' 8. "ln combinations line., an element havjing y@surface provided with indications corresponding to power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said line for movingsaid surface in. one 'direction only, means s'nbject to the power component in saidline for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding inication on said surface into register with apredetermined reference position, and amalisA for making a record periodically of the indicationsobroneht into register.

9. In combination a ine, an-eiement hav` ing a surface provided with indications oorresponding to power factors, means subject to the reactive component in said .line for moving said surface in. one direction only, means subject to the power component 1n said line for moving said surface in. another direction Ionlylto bring a correspondingindication on saidA surface into register with a predetermined reference' position, and means for makin ya record. periodically of the indication so rought into register, and mea-ns for periodicallysetting said indicatinnr surface back tol the zero position.

10. .ln combination ingr wattmeter element responsive to the reactive component in said7 line, u. second in misura ting w Wattmeter, element responsive to the power componen'tin said line, means responsivcsolely to said first wattmeter eienent gir'onprodnein'g movement, in a given direction, andnienns,responsive soieljy' to siiii'lscoopd ttme r element for producing movement na direction substantially at rigl'll illlffles to the movement prodnfsfrl by wattmoter clement. and means ro a particular indication on said a line.y n tiret integrat-r ment responsive to power component in said line over the same period, a common indicatingelement, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second wattmeter element both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating elementto le'ive an indication of power factor over a egiven period.

12. In combination a l'ne, a first Watt meter element responsive to reactive component in ment responsive to power component in said line, a common indicating element. means responsh'e to the first wattmeter elegment and means responsive to said sccon'l wattmeter element, both of said latter' means cooperating with said common imlicntirngY element to give an indication of power tactor yandl reactive component over a Pgiven period, said common indicating element bcing lgraduated in terms of power factor and reactive component.

13. In combination a line, a first ntegrating wattmeter element responsive to reactive component fiowlng 1n said' Ime over a given period, a second .integrating watt` said line, a 'second wattmeter eleperiod, a comsoA active component over said given period,

said indicating element heiner graduated in terms of power factor and reactive component.

14. In combination a line, wattmeter element responsive to react' ..1 Component in said line, a second integri-at,-

ingr Wattmeter element responsive to power 1 component in said line, a common indicating),r element, `said indicating elemcntbeing graduated in terms of'power factor and of power component, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second wattmcter element, both of said latter means cooperating: with said common indicatin element to give an indi'- cation ot' power ponent duringr a predetermined and means for rccordingysaid indications.

.15. In (feminization a` line, a first iniefgrating wattiiicter element responsive to rc- 'ivc component in said line, a second inttbrating wattmetcr element responsive to power component in said line over the same interval,

actor and of power coni-4 an, integrating.

LEU

BEST AVAILABLE cosi.

period', a common indicating element grada 'ated 1n terms of power factor and power component, means responsive to the vfirst wattmeter element' and .means responsive to said'second wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with saidcommon mdicat-ing'element to glve an indication of power factor and of power component over said given period. v p

'. 16;'In combination a line, a first integrating Wattmeter' element' responsive to reactive component in 'said line, a second integrating 'vvattmeterv element' responsive to power com onent in said line, a common in'- dicating e ement graduated in terms i of power. factor, reactive Component and power componen@ means 'responsive to the first' wattrjneter element and means responsive to Saidscond wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating'elementshto give an indication of power factor, reactive component and power component during a predetermined intervai.

lzIn' eomhinatiom a iine7 an indicating element comprising asurface having grad nations,` distributed thereupon in two dimensions in terms of the functions of two Variahies 'similar to the 'character of the ioad connected to said iine, a meter element rcsponsive tofone ofthe line variables, con-4 tact"means controlled by said meter eic-v 'mentsfa second meter cierne-unresponsive to the other of 'said line .f-ariables, Contact means co1 froiie by said 'second` meter eiennsnt,v a reference member cooperating 'with said indicainn eiement5 means for securing; relative movementJ hetwee Said surface and said reference member intens dimension in steps corresponding io the` operation oi saij con-tact means, and means'for securing :relative movement 'between `said surface land saidreference'member in another dimension in steps"corresponding to the operation oi' said second Contact means.

v 18'.' In combination a line, an integrating Wattmeter clement responsive to the power ovving in said iine, Contact ,means con- 'troiie'd by said element, an indicating'and recording 'element comprising a drum hai*-l ing gradnations'in two dimensions adapted toniake a record.; means for' advancing the 'i 'indi'c'atingelement in onedimension in steps corresponding to the operation of said contact means a compete graduation at a time, means for movingf the drnni in another dimension and automatic.recording means 'for periodically vmaking a record of the reading of said last element. l

i9. In 'combination' 'a line, an integrating wattmeter elementresponsive to the power flowing in said iine Contact means con troiiefi ny said element, an indicating and. recording element having graduations in two dimesions `and being adapted tcmake a record, meansoradvaneing 'the indicatof the reading `of said last eiemenn power component relatively stationary reJE ing element in Aone dimension in steps@- responding to the operation of said con means, means for advancing t'heeieinen the other dimension vand antometic ing means for periodica-Uy making a `reen tomatic means' for periodicaiiy reset indicating andrecording element.

Inleombination a iine, means noif trolled b the power cempo nentv of power flowing t rough the iine, means controiiefif by the reactive component of power ing' through saidv line, a snrface ha n gradnations infone direction cori-espone?" to the power Acomponent and hating graations in another direction corresponi" to reactive components'and havingi'iga lying substantialiy atY the interseetion said graduations, said gnres corres-nord to a function of the angie of phase c. 4ence between electro-motive force anti en rent-in the line, a reiativeiy stationary i. dicatingr or reference member, means ye trolled by said tiret means 'to more face in said first direction' ansi me troiled by said second mentioned me: move the surface in said second direct.

2l, In combination a iine, means :res sive to the power component of porvenir ingl through the. iinem means frespe; thev reactive componentol1 power nov;r through said line', a surface hav-ing' tions .in one direction correspond.; the power comporient having pg. tions in anothervdirection correspond reactive component. "and having ing si'lbstantinily at "L i Y sie intesa-actions f gradnations, said fignresfcorrespon a function oi' the angie of phase dii,-ugr hetivee'n eiect'ro-motive force the line, a reiativeiy sta onary in or reference member, contro. said irstmeans to moveiiiie surface Afirst direction and means centralised second mentioned means to. move ti tace in said second direction and periodically making aree-ord of brought into register witiifthe stationary memher` 22. In combination a chart more. two lciirections, said chart being; 'gramma in one direction intermsof 'reactive i ponent and in anotherl f'iirection in terms f erence means adjacent said movahie c1 means'adapted to he'responsive to conrponent` in a iine .icfi'inoif'ing in said tiret directiomineans adapten. responsive to the' power' comp. ne 'same line. for-mo f Aond direction to ori a 3 7 tion voi' the chart correspond factor in register with eren'ce means.

n 23. 'In com? "nation a cil-ir;

means responsive to the to one of said t BEST AVAILABLE COP",

relatively stationary reference means, means' responsive to reactive component in a line for moving the 'chart 1n said first dlrectlon,

chart corresponding to' the angle of phase difference in register with said stationary reference means. l

24. In combination a chart movable in two directions, said chart being graduated in one direction in terms of reactive component, and in another direction in terms of power component, indicating'eharacters at the intersections of said graduatons, al relatively stationary reference means, responsive'to reactive component in for moving the chart in said first direction, means responsive to the power component in the line for moving the chart in a second direction to bring a character of the chart corresponding to the angle of phase vdifference in register with said stationary reference means, andmeans for making a. record periodically of the character brought into register with said reference means.

25. In combination a .chart movable in two directions, said chart being graduated in one direction ein terms of reactive .component, and in another direction in terms of power component, indicatin characters at the intersections of said gra nations, a relatively stationary reference means, means responsive to reactive component in a line for moving the chart in said ir'st direction, ower components in the linev for moving ti'ie chart in a second direction to b-ring a character `of the chart corresponding to the angle of phase difference in register with `said stationary reference means, and means for making a record periodically of the character brought to the zero position in both directions.

26. In a device of the character described, a wattmeter adapted to be responsive to reactive component flowing in'a line, a second wattmeter element adapted to be responsive to power component in said line, indieating means controlled jointly by said wattmcter elements, means for moving' the indicating means in one direction in response wattmeter elements, other means responsive tothe other of sa id wattmeter elements for moving the indicating means in another direction. said indicating means having characters thereupon and relativclv stationary refercnce'mcans adapted to be brought intov register with a specific one of said characters to indicate the power factor of the'current flowing through the line.

27. In combination, a.'wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in a. line, a second wattmeter element responsive to surface thereof, topone of said wattmeter ing the cylinder axially and stepping means responsive to the other of said wattmeter elements for moving said cylinder rotarily, and a stationary reference member with which a portion of said cylinder is adapted to be brought into register for indicating power factor. Y l

l\ 28. In combination, a wattmeter element coprising a cylinder eof the portion which portion of said cylinder is adapted to be brought into register for indicating power factor, and printing means for periodically `making a record of the portion of said cylinder brought into register with the relatively stationary -means, and automatic resetting means for periodically resettilng the cylinder both axially and rotari y. t

:i0Y In combination an inte-grating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component and temporary register means for registering the power component and thc reactive component measured by said wattmeters Aover a having graduatio-ns y stepping means responsiveV BEST AVAILABLE COPvw given period and for registering the power `factor corresponding-to sald values of powerI component and reactive components.v

3l, In combmatlon an lntegrating Wattrneter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component and a' temporary register fory registering the power component and the reactive componentfmeasured by said wattmeters-over agiven period.

32. In combination 'an .integratingwattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component, temporaryregister means for registering the power component and the reactive compo- -nent measured by said wattmeters overa given'period, means for periodicallyrecord ing the readings of said reglstering mea-ns and means for" periodically resetting the registeringfmeans. v

33. In combination'an integrating wattmeter element `for power component, an integrating wattmeter. element for reactive component, temporary register means for registering the power component and the reactivecomponent measured by s aid Wattmeters over a given period, and' an accumuiating register for 'registering the total amount 'of powerk component.

34.111 combination an integrating wattmeter element forpower component, an integrating wattmeter element for reactive component, temporary register `means for registering the power component and the reactive component measured by said watt- Ileters overa given period an accumulating register for registering the total amount of power component, a record sheet and means for' periodically recording on said sheet'the readings ofthe temporary register and the' accumulating register.

' 35. In combination an integrating watt` -meter element for power component, an in,

tegrating Watt-meter element for. reactive component, temporary register means forV registering the power 'component and the tea'e'tivecomponent registered said wattvovera given period and for regis- .termgthe'power factor corresponding to said values of powercompone'nt and -reactive component pver said period, mea-ns for resetting periodically the temporary register means, an accumulating register for registering thetotal amount of power com- '.ponent, a yrecord sheetand means for periodically recordingon saidl sheet the readings of the temporary register `and of the accumulating register.

a rectangularchart subdivided oven its entire 'area into aplurality of unit areas de- BG. I n a. device ofthe character described,

vfined by twrgroufisofcontinuous lines which intersect each other, said areas having I inscriptions thereupon `of power factors, the

vllue of ea'ch inscription'beng a trigonometric relation of the value ofI the position of the particular unit area along one group of,

lines to the v'alue ofthe position of said arca along 4the, other group of lines, `and means responsive to power fiowing in -a line 'for bringing-the reference member and the particular unit area which has the proper inscription of powerfacbor into'register to i i indicate the power factor of the power {iowing in 'the line,y said last means being subject to two forces corresponding. to the two sets of lines, namely power component and reactive component.

37.l In combination',` an integrating wattmeter for power component arranged 'to producei a movement in one direction, an4

4integrating wattmeter for `reactive -cornponent arranged to produce a movement in a different. direction, and `a temporary register influenced by said movements 'for registering the power component 4and the.

reactive component measured by said wattmeters over a given' period.

38. In combination, an integrating wattmcter for power component, an integrating wattmet'er for reactive component, and means for eiiecting simultaneous movementsot a common registering element in two different directions",'corresponding to the integrated asA measurements of said wnttmeters overa A given period.

3.9.In combination. means adapted to be responsive to the integrated reactive com ponent of power owing in aline, means adapted. to be responsive to the integrated power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicating' surface graduated in two dimensions in accordance with the powerfactor of the energy flowing in Jthe line, and means cooperating with said graduated surface'and adapted to be brought into register withv the proper graduation' on said surface by relative 'movement between the surface and said last means to indicate power factor. v 40. In4 combination, an indicating element comprising aldrum having its cylindrical surface graduated in two dimensions, means responsive to power component for moving the drum in one dimension and means responsive to reactive component for moving the drum in the other dimension, and indicating means adapted to cooperate with the drum and to bebr'ou-ght-intoregisterwitii the partlcular portion of the surface of the drum which indicates the power factor corresponding to said component..

41; In combination, an integrating meter responsive 'to a function of the power component owifn'g in a conductor, ,a second integrating meterjresponsiv'e to a function ofthe reactive componentiiowing' in the' cpnductor, Yachalt graduated in twodimensions in terms of a unction'ofl the two titl BEsTfAvArLABLE COP' components and reference means -for selecting an indicationon the chart. saidizreference means and said chart being relativelyfmoxvable with respect to each other bythe joint action ot' the two meters to selectfthe corresponding function. f

42. In a device of the Class described. a

printing drum` a meter responsiveto a char- -member and means subject to 'one of said components for registering its 'quantitative value in one dimension ori said` chart b v relative movement of the chart` with respeet to thereferenee member, and means subject to the other component for register- -ing its quantitativo' value in the` other dimensi'on on said chart by relativemovement' ot' the chart with respect to the reference memberit. ln combination a line adapted to have a flow of electrical power therethrough. said tlou' ot' poiver being characterized b v ttvo variablen. :L chart or indicating member I.graduated in tn'o'dimensions in functions of the two variables: means cooperating with the chart or indicating member 1to ilnlieate continuously a desired tunetion of' said two variables. a device, responsive to unit (piantities of one ol' .said variables i'or controlling in one dimension the selection ot' the proper graduation on said rharhor indicating member` and a second device respon sive to unit qnantiliesot' the other of said variablesy tor controlling in another dimension the selection of the proper graduation on said chart or indieatinlr member, said deviee jointl)Y effecting selection oi the proper graduation to indirfate the function of the two variables as nieasured in units by said devices.l

1,15. lhe method of measuring :ind intlieat- .ing a desired characteristic ofi-an electric tion' oi enrrent s ith a .surface graduated in two dimensions from a zero point in terms ot' Isaid elnlrar'teristie and a reference member. which comprises. smnmingzup o r integrating the instantaneous vaines of the reactive component into units ot' predetermiuml vaine. and when a nnit is comand the member response thereto amount-in a given direction with pleted moving the suriiaee relativelyv to each other in a unttaav reference' to the zero position, simultaneously summing up or integrating the instantaneous values of the power component into corresponding units of the predetermined value an. when a unit ofthe latter class is completed moving the surface and the member relatively to eaeh other in response thereto a unitary amount in` a direction at, substantially right angles to the rst lgiven direction with reference to the zero position, whereby said reference member and said chart at anv time designate the desired characteristic of, the circuit for any period ot' time considerer. V

46. The method ot measuring and indicating a; desired characteristic of an electric flow ot' current with a surface graduated in two dimensions fromJa-zero point in terms of said characteristic ancl a reference member. which comprises. summing up or in`1 tegrating the instantaneous values of the reactive component into units of a predetermined value, y,and when a unit is c`om' pleted moving the surface and the member relatively to each other in Aresponse thereto a imitar)7 amount in a 4given direction with reference to the zero position simultaneonsly summing` up or integrating the installtaneous values ot` the power component into corresponding units of. the predetermined 'aine and when a unit of the latter Class is completed moving the surface andthe member relatively ,to each other in response thereto a unitary amount in a direction at. sulzistantiallir right angles to the rstgiven rlieetion with reference to the zerovposition, whereby said reference member and said chart at any time designate the desired characteristic ot the circuit for any period ot time considered, and periodically restoring the snrtaee and the member to zero position.

4?. In combination. a line. an indicating element comprising a surface having graduations distributed thereon in two dimenSiOns in terms ot a trigonometric function of two' oi the wiriables. a second integrating wattsns4 meter element responsive to the other of lsaid Tariables. a reference member cooperating with'said indicating element. means responsive lo the first wattmeter element for Inov- -,ing said surface, with respect to said refer` ""encc member in one direction, and means responsive to the second wattmeter element for moving said surface with .respect to said reference member in another directio 48. In combination. an element having a snrt'aee with indications thereupon corresponding to a desired trigonometrc function ot' 'two variables, means res )onsive to the integratedv power component oi electrical energy tiowing in a line und means respon- @est AvAiLAeLE coP e to the integrated reactivecomponent owing in said line, both of said means cooperatingl with the' element to cause an indica/tion 'to be given of the desired trigonometric functionof said two components over fri-ven interval.

1n combination, means adaptedto be fesponsive to 'thel reactive component of tiowing in a line, means rsponsive to .n powergcomponent fio'iving in said line, a Athird means comprising an indicatng surce graduated ini accordance withv a pretinmined` trigonometric -function of two variables .correspondingto said reactive component and power component, said third being ininenced by the first two to give an indication of the desired onoinetric function of the two compo'- AVizi combinatiommeans adapted to be .,oiisive to reactive component of power nowing in a line, means responsive tothe power 4component vflowing in said lin'e,a i. ird .means comprising an indicating sur- 'ace influenced by said first two means to i c an indication of a trigonometric funcsncf the two components, and means for 3 iodically recording the reading of said indicating suriace.-

ln combination, a line, an element hav. ing an indicating surface bearing indications corresponding to a trigonometric function of two variable components l'ing at right angles to each other, a rst electrical .means responsive to the integrated reactive nponent'in said line, a second electrical means responsive to the integrated power component in the line, means forselectin par icular indication on said surface, sai ar means and said element being adapted be brought into register by joint action of the second electrical means to #he and oi" seiect thereby gonolnetric ination, a line, im element me a snriace provided with indications ion-din to a trigonometric function two variale ccmponentslying at right each other, means subject to .the

component .in said line 'for movsiiriace in one direction only, means onject to the power component' in said line moving said surface in another direcu oniy to bring a. corresponding indican on said e into register 'with a pre- Lined reference position.

` i" yLion, a line, an element fg a c provided with indications Nfr.ending to atrigonometri'c unction ,vo variatie components lying. at right s to cach other, means subject to the tive compone in said line for moving ,f surface in one direction "only, means oiect to the power component in said line .corresponding to a trigonometric function v predetermined .suitable unit the particular value of thefunction of the said two suitable unit steps in an axial direction,

. position,

formoving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a pre determined reference position, and means for making a record periodically of lthe iii-- dications so brought into register.

54. In combination, a line, an element having a surfaceprovided with indications of two variable components lying at right anglesto each other, meanssubject tothe reactive component in said line for moving' .sa1d surfacev 1nl one subject t0 the power component in ,saidliney direction only, means for moving said surface in another .direc-,

tion only to bringe corresponding .indication on said surface Iinto register with` a reference position, meansfor making a record periodicallyof the indications rso brouffht into register,v and means for periodically setting said indicating .surface back to the zero position.

55. In a device of thc class,described,ia

cylindrical drum,A the surface of the .drum` havin a zero point and b'cing graduated inV two imensions to form rectangular unit areas, said unit areas having printing characters thereupon, each character being a trigonometric function of the location of the unitarea with respect to the z'ero point.

56. In a device of the class described, the combination ofua cylindrical drum, the surface of which has a zero point and which is graduated in two dimensions to form unit areas, said unit areas having 'printing characters thereupon, each character being a trigonometric function of the location ofthe unit area with respect to the zero point in terms of. suitable units, said drum being mounted for arial and rotary movement, stepping means for moving the drum in steps in an axial direction stepping means for moving the drum in Unit steps in a rotary direction, holding mea s for holding the drum in yadvanced `posit on and means for'yreleasing said holding means. i i

57. ln a device of thc class described, the combination of a cylindrical druin. the surface of which has a zero point and which is graduated in two dimensions to form unit areas, said. unit areas having printing characi ers thereupon, cach4 character being a trigonon'ietric function of the location of the 'unit area with respect to the zero point in terms of suitable units, saiddrum being stepping means ioimoving I'the drum. in

stepping means .t'or moving the drum in unit steps vin a rotary. direction, holding meansv for holding the drum in' advanced means forreleasing said lholding means at .the end of a given period of lime and means .for' printing the selected one of 

